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<title>Data manipulation language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data manipulation language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Manipulation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Manipulation (disambiguation)">Manipulation</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>data manipulation language</b> (<b>DML</b>) is a computer <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> used for adding (inserting), deleting, and modifying (updating) data in a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>. A DML is often a <a href="Sublanguage" title="Sublanguage">sublanguage</a> of a broader <a href="Database#Languages" title="Database">database language</a> such as <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, with the DML comprising some of the operators in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Read-only selecting of data is sometimes distinguished as being part of a separate <a href="Data_query_language" title="Data query language">data query language</a> (DQL), but it is closely related and sometimes also considered a component of a DML; some operators may perform both selecting (reading) and writing.

</p><p>A popular data manipulation language is that of <a href="Structured_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Query Language">Structured Query Language</a> (SQL), which is used to retrieve and manipulate <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> in a <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SQL92_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of DML are those used by <a href="Information_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Management System">IMS</a>/DLI, <a href="CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a> databases, such as <a href="IDMS" title="IDMS">IDMS</a> and others.

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<p>In SQL, the data manipulation language comprises the <i>SQL-data change</i> statements,<sup id="cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL92,_statements_by_function-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which modify stored data but not the <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a> or database objects. Manipulation of persistent database objects, e.g., tables or <a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedures</a>, via the SQL schema statements,<sup id="cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL92,_statements_by_function-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the data stored within them, is considered to be part of a separate <a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">data definition language</a> (DDL). In SQL these two categories are similar in their detailed syntax, data types, expressions etc., but distinct in their overall function.<sup id="cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL92,_statements_by_function-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>SQL-data change</i> statements are a subset of the <i>SQL-data</i> statements; this also contains the <a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT</a> query statement,<sup id="cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL92,_statements_by_function-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which strictly speaking is part of the DQL, not the DML. In common practice though, this distinction is not made and <i>SELECT</i> is widely considered to be part of DML,<sup id="cite_ref-Oracle,_DML_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oracle,_DML-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the DML consists of all <i>SQL-data</i> statements, not only the <i>SQL-data change</i> statements. The <code><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT ... INTO ...</a></code> form combines both selection and manipulation, and thus is strictly considered to be DML because it manipulates (i.e. modifies) data.

</p><p>Data manipulation languages have their functional capability organized by the initial word in a statement, which is almost always a <a href="Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>. In the case of SQL, these verbs are:

</p>

<ul><li><code><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ...</a></code> (strictly speaking DQL)

<ul><li><code><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">SELECT ... INTO ...</a></code></li></ul></li>

<li><code><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">INSERT INTO ... VALUES ...</a></code></li>

<li><code><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">UPDATE ... SET ... WHERE ...</a></code></li>

<li><code><a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">DELETE FROM ... WHERE ...</a></code></li></ul>

<p>For example, the command to insert a row into table <b>employees</b>:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">employees</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">first_name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">last_name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fname</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'John'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Capita'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'xcapit00'</span><span class="p">);</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div>

<p>Most SQL database implementations extend their SQL capabilities by providing <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, i.e. procedural languages. Examples of these are <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a>'s <a href="PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a> and <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a>'s <a href="SQL_PL" title="SQL PL">SQL_PL</a>.

</p><p>Data manipulation languages tend to have many different flavors and capabilities between database vendors. There have been a number of standards established for SQL by <a href="ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SQL92_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but vendors still provide their own extensions to the standard while not implementing the entire standard.

</p><p>Data manipulation languages are divided into two types, <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural programming</a> and <a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declarative programming</a>.

</p><p>Data manipulation languages were initially only used within <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>, but with the advent of SQL have come to be used interactively by database administrators.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements">Statements</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">Select (SQL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert (SQL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update (SQL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">Delete (SQL)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_languages">Related languages</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Data_control_language" title="Data control language">Data control language</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition language</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_query_language" title="Data query language">Data query language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChatham2012" class="citation book cs1">Chatham, Mark (2012). <i>Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language</i>. Lulu.com. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64MBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-29119951-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SQL92,_statements_by_function-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQL92,_statements_by_function_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SQL92">SQL92</a> 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Oracle,_DML-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oracle,_DML_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/sqlplsql.htm#i18503">"Data Manipulation Language Statements"</a>. <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a>. <q>Data manipulation language (DML) statements <i>query or manipulate</i> data in existing schema objects.</q></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="SQL92" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql/sql1992.txt">"The SQL92 standard"</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10759/statements_1001.htm#i2099257">DML Commands in Oracle</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Database414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database#Major_database_usage_requirements" title="Database">Requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_theory" title="Database theory">Theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_object" title="Database object">Database object</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_machine" title="Database machine">Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_server" title="Database server">Server</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_application" title="Database application">Application</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_connection" title="Database connection">Connection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Datasource" title="Datasource">datasource</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Synonym_(database)" title="Synonym (database)">Synonym</a></li>

<li>Types</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_database_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of database tools">Tools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database#Database_languages" title="Database">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a>

<ul><li><a href="Information_retrieval_query_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Information retrieval query language">information retrieval</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_security" title="Database security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_activity_monitoring" title="Database activity monitoring">Activity monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_audit" title="Database audit">Audit</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_forensics" title="Database forensics">Forensics</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_database" title="Negative database">Negative database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entities and relationships</a> (and <a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">Enhanced</a> notation)</li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Normalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_refactoring" title="Database refactoring">Refactoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinality_(data_modeling)" title="Cardinality (data modeling)">Cardinality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_abstraction_layer" title="Database abstraction layer">Abstraction layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">Object–relational mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_virtualization" title="Database virtualization">Virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_tuning" title="Database tuning">Tuning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Database_caching" title="Database caching">caching</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration#Database_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Database integrity">Integrity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_databases" title="Lists of databases">Lists of</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">Biodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">Facial expression</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_databases" title="List of online databases">Online</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_music_databases" title="List of online music databases">Online music</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_real_estate_databases" title="List of online real estate databases">Online real estate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database-centric_architecture" title="Database-centric architecture">Database-centric architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_database" title="Intelligent database">Intelligent database</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-phase_locking" title="Two-phase locking">Two-phase locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Locks_with_ordered_sharing" title="Locks with ordered sharing">Locks with ordered sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_publishing" title="Database publishing">Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Halloween_Problem" title="Halloween Problem">Halloween Problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_shipping" title="Log shipping">Log shipping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</b> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Data_manipulation_language&oldid=1259907295">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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